التاريخ

Authors Associate Professor in Islamic History, Kuwait International Law School, State of Kuwait [email protected] Paper DOI https://doi.org/10.59992/IJSR.2024.v3n11p4 Abstract Before the First Crusade forces marched to the east in 1097, Muslims were suffering internal strife between the Abbasid caliphate, dominated by the Saljūks, and the Fatimid caliphate of Egypt over Syria.… اقرأ المزيد »The Controversy of the 1108 Alliance between Muslims and Crusaders of the East